Cell lines are often used in place of primary cells to study biological processes. However, care must be taken when interpreting the results as cell lines do not always accurately replicate the primary cells.
In this article, we will briefly talk about advantages and disadvantages of cell lines and then discuss results using the mouse Sertoli cell line, MSC-1, compared with primary mouse Sertoli cells. MSC-1 cells resemble Sertoli cells morphologically and possess several biochemical markers associated with Sertoli cells.
However, MSC-1 cells lack some of the immune privilege properties associated with primary Sertoli cells, including survival in animals with a fully functional immune system. Therefore, it has to be kept in mind that cell lines do not behave identically with primary cells and should not be used to replace primary cells. In order to strengthen the findings, key control experiments using primary cells should always be performed. Immortal cell lines are often used in research in place of primary cells.
They offer several advantages, such as they are cost effective, easy to use, provide an unlimited supply of material and bypass ethical concerns associated with the use of animal and human tissue. Cell lines also provide a pure population of cells, which is valuable since it provides a consistent sample and reproducible results.
Cell lines have revolutionized scientific research and are being used in vaccine production, testing drug metabolism and cytotoxicity, antibody production, study of gene function, generation of artificial tissues e.
However, despite being a powerful tool, one must be careful when using cell lines in place of primary cells. Cell lines should display and maintain functional features as close to primary cells as possible. This may particularly be difficult to determine as often the functions of the primary cells are not entirely understood.
Since cell lines are genetically manipulated this may alter their phenotype, native functions and their responsiveness to stimuli. Serial passage of cell lines can further cause genotypic and phenotypic variation over an extended period of time and genetic drift can also cause heterogeneity in cultures at a single point in time.
Therefore, cell lines may not adequately represent primary cells and may provide different results. The other major problems associated with cell lines are contamination with other cell lines and mycoplasma.
The bitter truth of cross-contamination of cell lines either inter or intraspecies was exposed by Walter Nelson-Rees in the early s. He showed that at that time point the majority of cell lines being used worldwide and distributed by cell banks were contaminated with HeLa cells. HeLa cell contamination is well known to cause such problems. Additionally, mycoplasma contamination can persist undetected in cell cultures for a long period of time and cause extensive alterations in gene expression and cell behavior.
Herein we share our experience using an immortalized mouse Sertoli cell line MSC-1 , that was developed in by Peschon et al. MSC-1 cells were similar to primary Sertoli cells morphologically and expressed many of the same genes as primary Sertoli cells. However, not all results using the MSC-1 cell line are consistent with results from primary Sertoli cells as illustrated by studies on immune privilege. The testis is an immune-privileged site that results in protection of the auto-immunogenic germ cells when germ cells are removed from the testis and injected at a different site in the same animal, the cells are rejected.
The islets were rejected in Thus, MSC-1 cells may not mimic the survival and immune privilege properties of primary Sertoli cells but are useful as a control cell line to identify the key mechanisms or factors important for primary Sertoli cell immune privilege. To identify genes and immune-related functional pathways that are differentially regulated in these cells gene expression profiles of primary mouse Sertoli cells and MSC-1 cells were compared by microarray and ontological analyses.
Genes involved in immune functions were identified and differentially expressed. This confirms that the MSC-1 cell line is substantially different from primary mouse Sertoli cells and reiterates the importance of being cautious when making conclusions based on the results from cell lines. This indicates that the addition of functional FSHr to MSC-1 cells does not compensate for the loss of immune privilege. Figure 1. Aggregates were fixed, dispersed in agar, embedded in paraffin, sectioned and immunostained for large T antigen brown color and hematoxylin blue color.
The grafts were collected at day 20 post-transplantation, and tissue sections were immunostained for MSC-1 cell marker, large T antigen brown color, E-H.
All sections were counterstained with hematoxylin blue color. A dotted line separates the kidney from the graft. K, kidney; Arrow, large T antigen positive cells. Thus, addition of just one factor e. Lavappa, K. Nature — American Type Culture Collection. Catalogue of Strains-II. Rockville, Md. Shannon and M. Macy Eds.
Seabright, M. A rapid technique for human chromosomes. Lancet ii: — Article Google Scholar. Caspersson, T. Zech, and C. Analysis of human metaphase chromosome set by aid of DNA-binding fluorescent agents. Cell Res. Czaker, R. Banding patterns and late replication in HeLa cells. Humangenetik — Walker, J. Identification and misidentification of the chromosomes of heteroploid cell lines. Haneen, W.
HeLa cells and their possible contamination of other cell lines. Hereditas — In Vitro Donovick, M. HeLa marker chromosomes in human cell lines abstr. V International Congress of Human Genetics. Excerpta Med. Armendares and A. Lisker Eds. HeLa cultures defined. Science 96— Gey, G. Coffman, and M. Tissue culture studies of the proliferative capacity of cervical carcinoma and normal epithelium. Henceforth, it should be mandatory to prove the proper derivation of each new cell line by comparing DNA fingerprints or karyotypes of the patienfs primary cells and the cultured cells.
The availability of well characterized and authenticated bonafide MM cell lines is of great importance for the study of the biology, etiology and treatment of the disease. A quarter century on since this monster afforded by false myeloma cell lines. The current situation where the visible level differentiated B-cells.
Unfortunately, over cells. The where non-tumor cells are rearely immortalized, there advent of gene expression profiling using cDNA is an ever present risk that adventitious clones may microarrays provides unequivocal evidence that it is of immortalize at the expense of the desired leukemia- utmost importance to retain the distinction between lymphoma cell lines.
In a immortalization BLCL acquire some characteristics of pioneer study, the gene expression profile of normal authentic B-cell neoplasms rendering subsequent plasma cells was compared with B-cells using an array detection problematic. Secondly, a direct Pellat-Deceunynk et al. These comparison with proven myeloma cell lines should latter cell lines have been distributed for many years or provide final prove of their true nature and dissipate even decades by the ATCC who in all fairness never any last vertigoes of doubt.
Those peripheral blood or bone marrow B-cells from a normal unable to grasp the essential difference between the donor as a source of malignant cells. Possible answers are as follows. Better late than never, recently ATCC has i Paucity - wrong: recently we surveyed the literature removed this potential hazard and now states clearly and were able to list more than examples of the nature of these cell lines.
A favored ad hominem fantasy. Nature Reviews Mol Cell Biol 1: defense that leading myeloma research laboratories , Nature , Like the Golden Apples of the
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